name	Nebraska
fullname	State of Nebraska
flag	Flag of Nebraska.svg
seal	Nebraska-StateSeal.svg
map	Map of USA NE.svg
nickname	Cornhusker State
former	Nebraska Territory
motto	Equality Before the Law
capital	Lincoln
officiallang	English
demonym	Nebraskan
largestcity	Omaha
largestmetro	Omaha-Council Bluffs
governor	Dave Heineman (R)
lieutenant governor	Rick Sheehy (R)
legislature	Nebraska Legislature
upperhouse	''None''
lowerhouse	''None''
senators	Ben Nelson (D)Mike Johanns (R)
representative	Jeff Fortenberry (R)Lee Terry (R)Adrian M. Smith (R)
postalabbreviation	NE
arearank	16th
totalareaus	77,354
totalarea	200,520
landareaus	76,873
landarea	199,099
waterareaus	481
waterarea	1,247
pcwater	0.7
poprank	38th | 2000Pop (old) 1,711,263
2000pop	1,826,341
densityrank	43rd
2000densityus	23
2000density	8.88
medianhouseholdincome	$44,623
incomerank	20th
admittanceorder	37th
admittancedate	March 1, 1867
timezone	Central: UTC-6/-5
tz1where	most of state
timezone2	Mountain: UTC-7/-6
tz2where	panhandle
latitude	40° N to 43° N
longitude	95° 19' W to 104° 03' W
widthus	210
width	340
lengthus	430
length	690
highestpoint	Panorama Point
highestelevus	5,424
highestelev	1,653
meanelevus	2,592
meanelev	790
lowestpoint	Missouri River
lowestelevus	840
lowestelev	256
isocode	US-NE
website	www.nebraska.gov }}

Nebraska () is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.

Once considered part of the Great American Desert, Nebraska is now a leading farming and ranching state.

Etymology

Nebraska gets its name from the archaic Otoe words ''Ñí Brásge'', pronounced (contemporary Otoe ''Ñí Bráhge''), or the Omaha ''Ní Btháska'', pronounced , meaning "flat water", after the Platte River that flows through the state.

History

Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the region along the rivers for thousands of years before European exploration. Historical Native American tribes living in Nebraska have included the Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and various branches of the Sioux.

Long before the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806, French-Canadian explorers (including the Mallet brothers in 1739) traversed the territory of Nebraska on their way to trade in Santa Fe.

In 1819, Fort Atkinson, the first United States Army post west of the Missouri River, was established just east of present-day Fort Calhoun. The fort was abandoned in 1827.

European-American settlement did not begin in any numbers until after 1848 and the California Gold Rush. On May 30, 1854, the US Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories, divided by the Parallel 40° North, under the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha.

In the 1860s, after the US government forced many of the Native American tribes to cede their lands and settle on reservations, they opened large tracts of land to development. Under the Homestead Act, thousands of European-American settlers migrated into Nebraska to claim free land granted by the federal government. Many of the first farming settlers built their homes of sod, as had the Native Americans such as the Omaha, because so few trees grew on the prairies. This first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood.

Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1, 1867, approximately two years after the American Civil War. At that time, the capital was moved from Omaha to Lancaster, later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln.

During the 1870s to the 1880s, Nebraska experienced a large growth in population. Several factors assisted this growth. The first factor was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing. This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area. The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies. Agricultural inventions such as barbed wire, wind mills, and the steel plow, combined with good weather, made Nebraska prime farming land. By the 1880s, Nebraska's population had soared to more than 450,000 people.

The Arbor Day holiday was founded in Nebraska. The National Arbor Day Foundation is still headquartered in Nebraska City, with some offices in Lincoln.

Nebraska has a long history of civil rights activism, particularly in Omaha, where the African-American population was concentrated because of early industrial jobs. Blacks from the rural South were recruited by companies to Omaha as it started to industrialize, with jobs in the meatpacking plants, the expanding railroads, and other industries. They encountered discrimination from other Americans and especially recent European immigrants, who were competing for the same jobs. In 1912 African Americans founded the Omaha chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to work for improved conditions in the city and state. Activism has continued.

In addition, since the 1960s, Native American activism has increased, both through open protest and in the slower, more extensive work of building tribal institutions and infrastructure. It has had a different slant, as Native Americans have pressed for self-determination, sovereignty and recognition, creating community schools to preserve their culture, as well as tribal colleges and universities. Tribal politicians have also collaborated with state and county officials on regional issues.

Geography

The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. The state has 93 counties; it occupies the central portion of the Frontier Strip. Nebraska is split into two time zones. The Central Time zone comprises the eastern half of the state, while the western half observes Mountain Time. Three rivers cross the state from west to east. The Platte River, formed by the confluence of the North Platte and the South Platte, runs through the central portion of the state, the Niobrara River flows through the northern part, and the Republican River runs across the southern part.

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice Age glaciers; the Dissected Till Plains were left behind after the glaciers retreated. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region.

The Great Plains occupy the majority of western Nebraska. The Great Plains region consists of several smaller, diverse land regions, including the Sandhills, the Pine Ridge, the Rainwater Basin, the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills. Panorama Point, at 5,424 feet (1,653 m), is the highest point in Nebraska; despite its name and elevation, it is merely a low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders.

A past Nebraska tourism slogan was "Where the West Begins"; locations given for the beginning of the "West" include the Missouri River, the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln (where it is marked by a red brick star), the 100th meridian, and Chimney Rock. Nebraska is a triply landlocked state, as it does not border the ocean, nor do any of the states it borders, nor any that they border.

Federal land management

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include:

Agate Fossil Beds National Monument near Harrison

California National Historic Trail

Chimney Rock National Historic Site near Bayard

Homestead National Monument of America in Beatrice

Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail

Missouri National Recreational River near Ponca

Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail

Niobrara National Scenic River near Valentine

Oregon National Historic Trail

Pony Express National Historic Trail

Scotts Bluff National Monument at Gering

Areas under the management of the National Forest Service include:

Nebraska National Forest

Oglala National Grassland

Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest

Climate

Two major climates are represented in Nebraska: the eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification ''Dfa''), and the western half of the state has a semi-arid climate (Koppen ''BSk''). The entire state experiences wide seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. Average temperatures are fairly uniform across Nebraska with hot summers and generally cold winters, while average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about 31.5 inches (800 mm) in the southeast corner of the state to about 13.8 inches (350 mm) in the Panhandle. Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west. Snowfall across the state is fairly even, with most of Nebraska receiving between 25 and 35 inches (65 to 90 cm) of snow annually. Nebraska's highest recorded temperature is at Minden on July 24, 1936 and the lowest recorded temperature is at Camp Clarke on February 12, 1899. Nebraska is in Tornado Alley; thunderstorms are common in the spring and summer months, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes happen primarily during the spring and summer, though can also happen in the autumn. The chinook winds from the Rocky Mountains provide a temporary moderating effect on temperatures in western Nebraska during the winter months.

Demographics

As of 2009, Nebraska has an estimated population of 1,796,619, which is an increase of 85,356, or 5%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,995 people (that is 187,564 births minus 109,569 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 9,319 people out of the state.

The center of population of Nebraska is in Polk County, in the city of Shelby.

As of 2004, the population of Nebraska included about 84,000 foreign-born residents (4.8% of the population). The five largest ancestry groups in Nebraska are German (38.6%), Irish (12.4%), English (9.6%), Swedish (4.9%), and Czech (4.9%).

Nebraska has the largest Czech-American and non-Mormon Danish-American population (as a percentage of the total population) in the nation. German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most of the state, particularly in the eastern counties. Thurston County (made up entirely of the Omaha and Winnebago reservations) has an American Indian majority, and Butler County is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech-American plurality.

Rural flight

Eighty-nine percent of the cities in Nebraska have fewer than 3,000 people. Nebraska shares this characteristic with five other Midwestern states: Kansas, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota, and Iowa. Hundreds of towns have a population of fewer than 1,000. Regional population declines have forced many rural schools to consolidate.

Fifty-three of Nebraska's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000, ranging from a 0.06% loss (Frontier County) to a 17.04% loss (Hitchcock County).

More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth. In 2000, the city of Omaha had a population of 390,007; in 2005, the city's estimated population was 414,521 (427,872 including the recently annexed city of Elkhorn), a 6.3% increase over five years. The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958. The city of Lincoln had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379, a 14.5% increase.

Religion

The religious affiliations of the people of Nebraska are:

Christian – 90%

* Catholic – 28%

* Lutheran – 16%

* Methodist – 11%

* Baptist – 9%

* Presbyterian – 4%

**Other Protestant – 21%

*Other Christian – 1%

Non-religious – 9%

Other religions – 1%

The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Catholic Church (372,791), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (128,570), the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (117,419) and the United Methodist Church (117,277).

Taxation

Nebraska has a progressive income tax. The portion of income from $0 to $2,400 is taxed at 2.56%; from $2,400 to $17,500, at 3.57%; from $17,500 to $27,000, at 5.12%; and income over $27,000, at 6.84%. The standard deduction for a single taxpayer is $5,700; the personal exemption is $118.

Nebraska has a state sales tax of 5.5%. In addition to the state tax, some Nebraska cities assess a city sales and use tax, up to a maximum of 1.5%. One county in Nebraska, Dakota County, levies a sales tax. All real property within the state of Nebraska is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. Since 1992, only depreciable personal property is subject to tax and all other personal property is exempt from tax. Inheritance tax is collected at the county level.

Economy

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates of Nebraska's gross state product in 2004 was $68 billion. Per capita personal income in 2004 was $31,339, 25th in the nation. Nebraska has a large agriculture sector, and is an important producer of beef, pork, corn (maize), and soybeans. Other important economic sectors include freight transport (by rail and truck), manufacturing, telecommunications, information technology, and insurance.

As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 4.6%.

Industry

Kool-Aid was created in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in the city of Hastings, which celebrates the event the second weekend of every August with Kool-Aid Days. Kool-Aid is the official soft drink of Nebraska. ''CliffsNotes'' were developed by Clifton Hillegass of Rising City. He adapted his pamphlets from the Canadian publications, ''Coles Notes''.

Omaha is home to Berkshire Hathaway, whose CEO Warren Buffett was ranked in March 2009 by ''Forbes'' magazine as the second richest person in the world. The city is also home to ConAgra, Mutual of Omaha, InfoUSA, TD Ameritrade, West Corporation, Valmont Industries, Woodmen of the World, Kiewit Corporation, and the Union Pacific Railroad. UNIFI Companies, Sandhills Publishing Company, and Duncan Aviation are based in Lincoln; The Buckle is based in Kearney. Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela's, a specialty retailer of outdoor goods.

The world's largest train yard, Union Pacific's Bailey Yard, is in North Platte. The Vise-Grip was invented by William Petersen in 1924, and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008.

Lincoln's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet-Ski, ATV, and Mule lines of product. The facility employs more than 1200 people.

The Spade Ranch, in the Sand Hills, is one of Nebraska's oldest and largest beef cattle operations.

Transportation

Railroads

Nebraska has a rich railroad history. The Union Pacific Railroad, headquartered in Omaha, was incorporated on July 1, 1862, in the wake of the Pacific Railway Act of 1862. Bailey Yard, in North Platte, is the largest railroad classification yard in the world. The route of the original transcontinental railroad runs through the state.

Other major railroads with operations in the state are: Amtrak; Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway; Canadian Pacific Railway; and Iowa Interstate Railroad.

Roads and highways

Interstate Highways through the State of Nebraska The U.S. Routes in Nebraska

Law and government

Nebraska's government operates under the framework of the Nebraska Constitution, adopted in 1875, and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Executive branch

The head of the executive branch is the Governor Dave Heineman. Other elected officials in the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Rick Sheehy (elected on the same ticket as the Governor), Attorney General Jon Bruning, Secretary of State John A. Gale, State Treasurer Shane Osborn, and State Auditor Mike Foley. All elected officials in the executive branch serve four-year terms.

Legislative branch

Nebraska is the only state in the United States with a unicameral legislature. Although this house is officially known simply as the "Legislature", and more commonly called the "Unicameral", its members call themselves "senators". Nebraska's Legislature is also the only state legislature in the United States that is nonpartisan. The senators are elected with no party affiliation next to their names on the ballot, and the speaker and committee chairs are chosen at large, so that members of any party can be chosen for these positions. The Nebraska Legislature can also override a governor's veto with a three-fifths majority, in contrast to the two-thirds majority required in some other states.

The Nebraska Legislature meets in the third Nebraska State Capitol building, built between 1922 and 1932. It was designed by Bertram G. Goodhue. Built from Indiana limestone, the Capitol's base is a cross within a square. A 400-foot domed tower rises from this base. The Golden Sower, a 19-foot bronze statue representing agriculture, crowns the Capitol. The state Capitol is considered an architectural achievement and has been recognized by the American Institute of Architects.

For years, United States Senator George Norris and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature, and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum. Norris argued:

Unicameral supporters also argued that a bicameral legislature had a significant undemocratic feature in the committees that reconciled Assembly and Senate legislation. Votes in these committees were secretive, and would sometimes add provisions to bills that neither house had approved. Nebraska's unicameral legislature today has rules that bills can contain only one subject, and must be given at least five days of consideration.

In 1934, due in part to the budgetary pressure of the Great Depression, Nebraska citizens ran a state initiative to vote on a unicameral legislature, which was approved. In effect, the Assembly (the house) was abolished; as noted, today's Nebraska state legislators are commonly referred to as "Senators".

Judicial branch

The judicial system in Nebraska is unified, with the Nebraska Supreme Court having administrative authority over all Nebraska courts. Nebraska uses the Missouri Plan for the selection of judges at all levels. The lowest courts in Nebraska are the county courts, above that are twelve district courts (containing one or more counties). The Court of Appeals hears appeals from the district courts, juvenile courts, and workers' compensation courts. The Nebraska Supreme Court is the final court of appeal.

In 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court ruled that the state's only method of execution, electrocution, was in conflict with the state's constitution. For the next year, Nebraska had no active death-penalty law. (Prior to that ruling, Nebraska was the only place in the world that used electrocution as the sole method of execution.) In May 2009, the legislature passed and the governor signed a bill that changed the method of execution in Nebraska to lethal injection, enabling capital punishment. Executions in Nebraska have been infrequent; none have been carried out in the 21st century. During the last few decades, residents have considered a moratorium on, or complete abolition of, capital punishment.

Federal government representation

Nebraska's U.S. senators are Mike Johanns (R), the junior senator, and Ben Nelson (D), the senior senator.

Nebraska has three representatives in the House of Representatives: Jeff Fortenberry (R) of the 1st district; Lee Terry (R) of the 2nd district; and Adrian M. Smith (R) of the 3rd district.

Nebraska is one of two states (with Maine) that allow for a split in the state's allocation of electoral votes in presidential elections. Under a 1991 law, two of Nebraska's five votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide popular vote, while the other three go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's three congressional districts.

In the 2008 election, the Democrat Barack Obama won the 2nd congressional district (which includes Omaha), giving him the electoral vote for that district. The Republican John McCain won the statewide popular vote, with 58% of the vote to Obama's 42%; this, combined with his victories in the 1st and 3rd districts, gave him Nebraska's other four electoral votes.

Politics

For most of its history, Nebraska has been a solidly Republican state. Republicans have carried the state in all but one presidential election since 1940—the 1964 landslide election of Lyndon B. Johnson. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won the state's five electoral votes by a 33% margin (the fourth-most Republican vote among states) with 65.9% of the overall vote; only Thurston County, which is majority-Native American, voted for John Kerry.

Despite the current Republican domination of Nebraska politics, the state has a long tradition of electing centrist members of both parties to state and federal office; examples include George Norris (who served few years in the Senate as an independent), J. James Exon, and Bob Kerrey. Voters have tilted to the right in recent years with the election of conservative Mike Johanns to the US Senate and the re-election of Ben Nelson, who is currently considered the most conservative Democrat in the US Senate.

Important cities and towns

All population figures are 2010 Census Bureau estimates.

Largest cities

Omaha – 408,958

Lincoln – 258,379

Bellevue – 50,137

Grand Island – 48,520

Kearney – 30,787

Fremont – 26,397

Hastings – 24,907

North Platte – 24,733

Norfolk – 24,210

Columbus – 22,111

Papillion – 18,894

La Vista – 15,758

Scottsbluff – 15,039

South Sioux City – 13,353

Beatrice – 12,459

Lexington – 10,230

Gering - 8,500

Alliance - 8,491

Blair - 7,990

York - 7,766

Urban areas

{|- |- !align="left"|Metropolitan areas ! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|Micropolitan areas |- |valign=top|

Omaha-Council Bluffs – 728,963 (Nebraska portion); 849,517 (total for Nebraska and Iowa)

Lincoln – 298,012

Sioux City, Iowa – 26,940 (Nebraska portion); 144,360 (total for Nebraska, Iowa and South Dakota)

|valign=top|

Grand Island – 71,596

Kearney – 52,274

Norfolk – 48,000

Hastings – 39,529

Scottsbluff – 37,512

|valign=top|

North Platte – 36,890

Fremont – 35,640

Columbus – 32,515

Lexington – 26,920

Beatrice – 22,653

|}

Other areas

Grand Island, Hastings and Kearney comprise the "Tri-Cities" area, with a combined population of 163,399.

The northeast corner of Nebraska is part of the Siouxland region.

Education

Colleges and universities

University of Nebraska system University of Nebraska–Lincoln University of Nebraska at Kearney University of Nebraska at Omaha University of Nebraska Medical Center Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture Nebraska State College System Chadron State College Peru State College Wayne State College

Nebraska Community College Association Central Community College Little Priest Tribal College Metropolitan Community College Mid-Plains Community College Nebraska Indian Community College Northeast Community College Southeast Community College Western Nebraska Community College

Private colleges/universities Bellevue University Clarkson College College of Saint Mary Concordia University Creighton University Doane College Grace University Hastings College Midland University Nebraska Christian College Nebraska Methodist College Nebraska Wesleyan University Summit Christian College Union College York College

Culture

Arbor Day was founded by J. Sterling Morton; the National Arbor Day Foundation has its headquarters near his home in Nebraska City.

The swing in the Hebron, Nebraska city park at 5th and Jefferson streets is claimed to be the world's largest porch swing, long enough to fit 18 adults or 26 children.

Nebraska Huskers football influences many of Nebraska's residents. During home football games, Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, with a capacity of 85,500, becomes larger than Nebraska's third-largest city.

Job's Daughters was founded in Omaha in 1920 by Ethel T. Wead Mick. There are now bethels in Canada, Australia, Brazil, and Philippines.

Sports

Professional sports

* Lincoln Saltdogs – American Association (independent minor league baseball)

* Nebraska Danger - Indoor Football League

* Omaha Beef – Indoor Football League

* Omaha Storm Chasers – Pacific Coast League (AAA minor league baseball; affiliate of the Kansas City Royals)

* Omaha Nighthawks – United Football League

* Omaha Vipers - Major Indoor Soccer League

NCAA Division I college sports

* Creighton Bluejays

* Nebraska Cornhuskers

* University of Nebraska at Omaha (currently ice hockey only; all other sports moving to Division I in fall 2012)

NCAA Division II college sports

* University of Nebraska at Kearney Antelopes (Lopers)

* University of Nebraska at Omaha Mavericks

* Wayne State College Wildcats

* Chadron State College Eagles

Junior-level sports: United States Hockey League

* Lincoln Stars

* Omaha Lancers

* Tri-City Storm

See also

List of National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska

References

Bibliography

Surveys

Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains, Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-227-7.

Olson James C. and Ronald C. Naugle ''History of Nebraska'' 2nd ed (1997)

[http://www.kancoll.org/books/andreas_ne/ Andreas, Alfred T. ''History of the State of Nebraska'' (1882), highly detailed history

Creigh, Dorothy Weyers. ''Nebraska: A Bicentennial History'' (1977)

Faulkner, Virginia, ed. ''Roundup: A Nebraska Reader'' (1957)

Hickey, Donald R. ''Nebraska Moments: Glimpses of Nebraska's Past'' (1992).

Miewald, Robert D. ''Nebraska Government & Politics'' (1984)

Luebke Frederick C. ''Nebraska: An Illustrated History'' (1995)

Morton, J. Sterling, ed. ''Illustrated History of Nebraska: A History of Nebraska from the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region.'' 3 vols. (1905–13)

Wishart, David J. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains'' (2004), 900 pages of scholarly articles

[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/siteview.cgi//nebraskianapubs/2 ''Nebraska: A Guide to the Cornhusker State'', WPA Guide, 1939; Online full-text PDF edition

Scholarly special studies

Barnhart, John D. "Rainfall and the Populist Party in Nebraska." ''American Political Science Review'' 19 (1925): 527–40. in JSTOR

Beezley, William H. "Homesteading in Nebraska, 1862–1872", ''Nebraska History'' 53 (spring 1972): 59–75.

Bentley, Arthur F. "The Condition of the Western Farmer as Illustrated by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township." ''Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science'' 11 (1893): 285–370.

Cherny, Robert W. ''Populism, Progressivism, and the Transformation of Nebraska Politics, 1885–1915'' (1981)

Bogue Allen G. ''Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border'' (1955)

Brunner, Edmund de S. ''Immigrant Farmers and Their Children'' (1929)

Chudacoff, Howard P. ''Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, 1880–1920'' (1972)

* Chudacoff, Howard P. "A New Look at Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium-sized City." ''Journal of American History'' 60 (1973): 76–93. about Omaha; in JSTOR

Coletta, Paolo E. ''William Jennings Bryan''. 3 vols. 1964–69.

Dick, Everett. ''The Sod-House Frontier: 1854–1890'' (1937)

Farragher, John Mack. ''Women and Men on the Overland Trail'' (1979)

Fuller, Wayne E. ''The Old Country School: The Story of Rural Education in the Midwest'' (1982)

Grant, Michael Johnston. "Down and Out on the Family Farm" (2002)

Harper, Ivy. ''Walzing Matilda: Life and Times of Nebraska Senator Robert Kerrey'' (1992).

Holter, Don W. ''Flames on the Plains: A History of United Methodism in Nebraska'' (1983).

Jeffrey, Julie Roy. ''Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1880'' (1979)

Klein, Maury. ''Union Pacific: The Birth of a Railroad, 1862–1893'' (1986)

Klein, Maury. ''Union Pacific: The Rebirth, 1894–1969'' (1989).

Larsen, Lawrence H. ''The Gate City: A History of Omaha'' (1982)

Lowitt, Richard. ''George W. Norris'' 3 vols. 1971.

Luebke, Frederick C. ''Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900'' (1969)

Luebke, Frederick C. "The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910–1917." ''Nebraska History'' 49 (1969): 165–85.

Olson, James C. ''J. Sterling Morton'' (1942)

Overton, Richard C. ''Burlington West: A Colonization History of the Burlington Railroad'' (1941)

Parsons Stanley B. "Who Were the Nebraska Populists?" ''Nebraska History'' 44 (1963): 83–99.

Pierce, Neal. ''The Great Plains States'' (1973)

Pederson, James F., and Kenneth D. Wald. ''Shall the People Rule? A History of the Democratic Party in Nebraska Politics'' (1972)

Riley, Glenda. ''The Female Frontier. A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains'' (1978)

Wenger, Robert W. "The Anti-Saloon League in Nebraska Politics, 1898–1910." ''Nebraska History'' 52 (1971): 267–92.

External links

Nebraska state government

Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism

Energy Profile for Nebraska

USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Nebraska

U.S. Census Bureau

Nebraska State Facts

Nebraska Frequently Asked Questions

Nebraska State Publications Online

Nebraska city-data

nebraskastudies.org – History of Nebraska from Nebraska Department of Education, Nebraska State Historical Society, and NET

Nebraska State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Nebraska state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.

Category:States of the United States Category:States and territories established in 1867

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{{infobox gridiron football person |name

Johnny Rodgers |image |captionJohnny Rodgers and his Heisman Trophy |ImageWidth150pix |birth_dateJuly 05, 1951 |birth_place Omaha, Nebraska |death_date |PositionWingback |number20 |CollegeNebraska |DraftedYear1973 |Career HighlightsY |Awards1972 Heisman Trophy1972 Walter Camp Award1972 UPI Offensive Player of the Year1973 CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award1973-1975 All Canadian all star1974 Grey Cup champion1974-1975 Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy (East MVP) |DraftedRound1/ Pick 25 |StatsY |DatabaseFootballRODGEJOH01 |PFRRodgJo00 |years1973-19761977-1978 |teamsMontreal Alouettes (CFL)San Diego Chargers |CFLAllStar1973 |CollegeHOF70060}}

Johnny Steven Rodgers (born July 5, 1951 in Omaha, Nebraska) is a former American college football player voted the University of Nebraska's "''Player of the Century''" and the winner of the 1972 Heisman Trophy.

College career

Nicknamed "The Jet" for his rapid acceleration and speed on the field, Rodgers was voted high school athlete of the year as a player for Omaha's Tech High.

As a player with the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers, Rodgers served as a punt return specialist, pass receiver, and running back. Rodgers broke virtually every offensive team record, was twice named to the College Football All-America Team and won the Walter Camp Award and the Heisman Trophy in 1972 for most outstanding player in college football in the United States.

In his three years with the Cornhuskers, the versatile Rodgers established an all-purpose NCAA yardage record of 5,586. Former Nebraska coach Tom Osborne, who served as Nebraska's offensive coordinator in the early 1970s, wrote in his 1985 book ''More Than Winning'' that Rodgers had the greatest ability to return punts of any player he ever saw. Likewise, ''College Football News'' has described him as "the greatest kick returner in college football history." Rodgers returned seven punts for touchdowns in his college career, a feat that stood as the NCAA record for decades.

Rodgers was convicted of a gas station robbery while he was a student at the University of Nebraska in 1971. He is the only Heisman to be convicted of a Felony before receiving the award.

In 1971, in what has become known as college football's "Game of the Century," Rodgers returned a punt 72 yards to score the first touchdown which set the tone for his team's 35-31 victory over the University of Oklahoma Sooners. ESPN describes Rodgers' performance as "unforgettable." However, some observers consider his greatest single performance to be in the 1973 (post-1972 season) Orange Bowl when he led his team to a 40-6 victory over the University of Notre Dame. Rodgers ran for three touchdowns, caught a 50-yard pass for another touchdown, and threw a 54-yard touchdown pass to a teammate. He did all this before leaving the game with 21 minutes still to play.

Professional career

Although a 1973 first-round draft pick of the San Diego Chargers, Rodgers signed a lucrative contract to play for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League where he was affectionately known as the "''ordinary superstar''" (a nickname he coined.) Always a fan favorite, he won the CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award in 1973. In his four years with the Alouettes, Rodgers won the Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy twice (Eastern division MVP and CFL runner-up) and "All-Canadian" all star honors and helped lead his team to a Grey Cup championship in 1974.

In 1977, Rodgers returned to the United States, signing with the Chargers. Hamstring injuries kept him out of the game for most of his first NFL season and the following year a freak knee injury sustained during team practice ended his career after only 17 NFL games.

Legacy

In 1999 Rodgers was selected to the Nebraska All-Century Football Team via fan poll and named to the All-Century Nebraska football team by Gannett News Service. In 2000 he was voted the University of Nebraska's "Player of the Century" by ''Sports Illustrated''. In 2002 he was named to the Athlon Sports Nebraska All-Time Team. He is one of only sixteen Cornhuskers to have his jersey retired by the team.

In 1999 Rodgers was selected as a receiver by Sports Illustrated in their "NCAA Football All-Century Team". Other receivers selected were Jerry Rice, Mike Ditka, Pat Richter, Tim Brown, Raghib Ismail, Don Hutson, Bennie Oosterbaan, Howard Twilley, Ted Kwalick, Anthony Carter, Keith Jackson and Desmond Howard. Rodgers was one of six Nebraska Cornhuskers on this All-Century Team 85 man roster; the others being Rich Glover, Dave Rimington, Dean Steinkuhler, Tommie Frazier and Aaron Taylor.

In 1999 Rodgers was selected as a starting receiver to the Walter Camp Football Foundation College Football All Century Team. Other receivers selcted were Fred Biletnikoff, Tim Brown, Bernie Oosterbaan, Larry Kelley, Raghib Ismail, Don Hutson, Howard Twilley and Keith Jackson. Rodgers was one of six Nebraska Cornhuskers selected to this 83 man roster; the others being Rimington, Steinkuhler, Will Shields, Frazier and Taylor.

On the ''College Football News'' list of the 100 Greatest Players of All-Time, Johnny Rodgers was ranked #44. In 2007, he was ranked #23 on ESPN's Top 25 Players In College Football History list. In 2000 Johnny Rodgers was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and was also voted the "Most Valuable Player" in the history of the Big Eight Conference.

Personal life

Rodgers was reported to have become a devotee of Guru Maharaj Ji, head of the Divine Light Mission, in 1974.

Today, Rodgers is a businessman in Omaha, Nebraska where he operates a sports marketing company and bedding products manufacturer. He also works with his alma mater to encourage athletes who dropped out of school to return and complete their educations.

Rodgers has also authored a book entitled ''An Era of Greatness'' about the University of Nebraska football team during his playing days.

In 2007 Rodgers was a brief partner in a sports bar located in midtown Omaha bearing his name. In less than one year the partnership fell apart and dueling lawsuits ensued.

Johnny is currently creating a mentoring program for children with other football and sport professionals.

References

External links

Nebraska profile

Category:1951 births Category:African American players of American football Category:American football running backs Category:College Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Heisman Trophy winners Category:Grey Cup champions Category:Montreal Alouettes players Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football players Category:Sportspeople from Nebraska Category:San Diego Chargers players Category:Living people Category:Canadian football running backs Category:People from North Omaha, Nebraska Category:African American players of Canadian football

Name	Quan Cosby
Currentteam	Cincinnati Bengals
Currentnumber	12
Currentposition	Wide Receiver
|birth date	December 23, 1982
Birth place	Mart, Texas
Heightft	5
Heightin	9
Weight	196
Debutyear	2009
Debutteam	Cincinnati Bengals
College	Texas
Undraftedyear	2009
Pastteams	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2001-2005) Cincinnati Bengals (2009-Present)
Status	Active
Statweek	17
Statseason	2009
Statlabel1	Receptions
Statvalue1	7
Statlabel2	Receiving Yards
Statvalue2	81
Statlabel3	Receiving TDs
Statvalue3	0
Nfl	COS078508 }}

Quantwan Cosby better known as Quan Cosby (born in Waco, Texas on December 23, 1982) is an American football wide receiver for the Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football for the Texas Longhorns. He also played four years of professional baseball for the Anaheim Angels.

High school career

Cosby was a stellar athlete for Mart High School, excelling in football, baseball, and track. In football he was a two time 2A All State selection at quarterback, where he was also selected to the second team all ''USA Today'' Team and named Offensive Player of the Year. He was also selected All State once at defensive back and kick returner. In baseball, he was mainly known for his speed, stealing 81 of 82 bases during his junior and senior years. He was effective with the bat as well, posting a .479 batting average his senior year with three home runs and 33 RBI. He won a total of three state titles in high school: one his junior year in football and two his senior year in track in the 100m and 200m dashes, with times of 10.46 and 21.31 respectively.

Baseball career

Cosby was drafted by the Anaheim Angels in the sixth round of the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft and left his commitment to the University of Texas to do so. He wound up playing for four years in the outfield for the Angels organization. He started his career in the Arizona League where he played 41 games, hitting .243 with eight RBI and eight stolen bases for the Angels. His second year he played for the Provo Angels of the Pioneer League where he recorded a .302 average with nine doubles, 29 RBI, and 22 stolen bases in a total of 76 games. He continued his career playing for the Class A Cedar Rapids Kernels. His first year with them he hit .249 with four doubles, 21 RBI, and 17 stolen bases in 104 games. The next year he attained a .249 batting average, again, with eight doubles, 12 triples, five home runs, and 24 stolen bases in 119 games. At that point he had a career average of .260 in 340 total games. Though his average had not improved greatly, his power numbers had. After playing four years in the Angels minor league system, Cosby decided to attend the University of Texas where he would go on to play football.

College career

Cosby attended The University of Texas at Austin and received a bachelor's degree in Social Work (BSW) in 2009.

2005

During his freshman campaign, Cosby caught just 15 passes for 270 yards with two touchdowns. He did however play in all 13 games and started three. He played on special teams as well, returning six punts for 92 yards. He also chimed in two catches for 16 yards in the 2006 Rose Bowl in which the Longhorns won the BCS National Championship.

2006

His sophomore season was a successful one in which he caught 33 passes for 525 yards and two touchdowns. He again saw action in all 13 games, starting eight. While he was still in the midst of becoming a great receiver, he was making an impact on special teams, returning 13 kickoffs for 334 yards and 2 punts for 64 yards. In the 2006 Alamo Bowl he caught seven passes for 59 yards in the Longhorns' victory over the University of Iowa.

2007

During his junior year he again played in all 13 games, starting 11 of them. He caught 60 passes for 680 yards and 5 touchdowns, earning him AP Big 12 Honorable Mention. He excelled on special teams, posting 1,017 yards from 42 kickoffs and also returning 19 punts for 178 yards. His return stats earned him second team AP All Big 12. During the 2007 Holiday Bowl, he had just one catch for 55 yards. He did, however, return one punt for 21 yards and four kickoffs for 73 yards in the Texas victory over Arizona State University.

2008

As a senior Cosby established himself as one of the elite wide receivers in the nation and became a favorite target for quarterback Colt McCoy. He had a career high in receiving yards with 154 against UTEP in the second game of the season. In Texas's upset over then number one ranked University of Oklahoma, Cosby caught nine passes for 122 yards, but was kept out of the endzone. During his college career, Cosby had a total of 212 receptions, 2,598 receiving yards, and a total of 19 receiving touchdowns. In the 2009 Fiesta Bowl, Cosby capped off an outstanding senior season as he scored the winning touchdown on a pass from Colt McCoy with 18 seconds left in the game.

Awards and honors

Two time All-State selection at quarterback

All State selection at defensive back

All State selection at kick returner

USA Today Offensive player of the Year in 2000

AP Second Team All Big 12 as a kick returner

AP Honorable Mention Big 12 as a wide receiver

References

Notes

External links

NFL bio

Official Homepage

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:People from Waco, Texas Category:American football wide receivers Category:Anaheim Angels players Category:Cincinnati Bengals players

playername	Matt McKay
fullname	Matthew Graham McKay
dateofbirth	January 11, 1983
cityofbirth	Brisbane
countryofbirth	Australia
height
position	Left midfielder
currentclub	Rangers
clubnumber	20
youthyears1	1999 |youthclubs1 QAS
youthyears2	2001 |youthclubs2 AIS
years1	2001–2004 |clubs1 Brisbane Strikers |caps1 51 |goals1 2
years2	2004 |clubs2 Eastern Suburbs |caps2 12 |goals2 1
years3	2005–2011 |clubs3 Brisbane Roar |caps3 131 |goals3 18
years4	2006 |clubs4 → Incheon United (loan) |caps4 7 |goals4 0
years5	2009 |clubs5 → Changchun Yatai (loan) |caps5 15 |goals5 0
years6	2011– |clubs6 Rangers |caps6 0 |goals6 0
nationalyears1	2003 |nationalteam1 Australia U-20 |nationalcaps1 4 |nationalgoals1 0
nationalyears2	2004 |nationalteam2 Australia U-23 |nationalcaps2 1 |nationalgoals2 0
nationalyears3	2006– |nationalteam3 Australia |nationalcaps3 17 |nationalgoals3 0
pcupdate	5 June 2011 (UTC)
ntupdate	11 August 2011 }}

Matthew Graham "Matt" McKay (born 11 January 1983) is an Australian association football player who plays for Scottish Premier League side Rangers and the Australia national team.

McKay played for Brisbane Roar since their first season in the A-League, and was their club captain. His most successful season, on both the club scale and at international level, came in the 2010–11 season, in which he led Brisbane to their first ever A-League championship and premiership, and also played an integral role in Australia's second placing in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup.

Club career

McKay attended Brisbane Grammar School and played for the School's First XI. After graduating from Brisbane Grammar, McKay spent his formative youth years at both the QAS and AIS. McKay was signed by NSL team the Brisbane Strikers in 2001, where he stayed until the conclusion of the 2003–04 National Soccer League season. McKay's last game for the Strikers was a 4–1 Victory over Adelaide United in the Elimination Final #1 as the Strikers could only level the tie 4–4 and bow out of the finals on away goals.

Brisbane Roar

McKay signed on as an inaugural member of the, then, Queensland Roar prior to the 2005–06 season – the first in the history of the A-League. McKay was given the number 15 shirt, which he has retained throughout his career at the Roar. Initialliy signed as a squad player behind the more established South Korean duo Hyuk-Su Seo and Tae-Yong Shin, McKay quickly got his opportunity due to a career ending injury suffered by Shin in the clubs' first ever A-League fixture, against the now defunct, New Zealand Knights. Following the departure of club captain, Craig Moore midway through the 2009–10 season, McKay was named as club captain. He has played the most number of games for the Roar on 130, scoring the second most goals of all-time for the Roar with 18, just two behind Reinaldo.

McKay led Brisbane to their first A-League premiership and championship in 2011. The Roar topped the table, and continued their record-breaking 28-game unbeaten run with a miraculous 4–2 (2–2 aet) penalty shoot-out win over the Central Coast Mariners in the 2011 A-League Grand Final. It was reported after the match that a stirring speech by McKay at half-time in extra time boosted the Roar's morale sufficiently to unbelievably overcome a 2–0 deficit.

During his time at Brisbane Roar, McKay has had two loan spells during the A-League offseason in order to maintain his fitness and increase his chances for selection for Australia's 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cup campaign's. In 2006 McKay went on loan to K-League team Incheon United F.C. where he made 7 appearances. His second loan spell was in 2009 when McKay had a spell at Changchun Yatai F.C. in the Chinese Super League where he made 15 appearances.

Rangers

On 16 August 2011 Rangers confirmed the signing of McKay awaiting a work-permit, which was granted three days later, with a UK work visa granted a week later. McKay could make his Rangers debut against Dundee United on 10 September 2011, wearing number 20.

International career

McKay represented Australia at U-20 level in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship.

On 16 August 2006, McKay came on as a substitute for Australia in the 90th minute of the 2007 Asian Cup qualifying match against Kuwait at Aussie Stadium for his first Socceroo cap.

McKay would have to wait until 28 January 2009 for his second cap, starting in Australia's 2011 Asian Cup qualifying match against Indonesia in Jakarta. He would also feature in two more qualification games for the 2011 Asian Cup, starting against Kuwait on 5 March 2009 at Canberra Stadium and playing the second half of the return tie against Indonesia on 3 March 2010 at Suncorp Stadium.

McKay missed out on Pim Verbeek's 2010 FIFA World Cup squad, however he returned to the Socceroos under new manager Holger Osieck and featured in three of Australia's friendlies in the leadup to the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. He came off the bench in the match against Paraguay on 9 October 2010 at the Sydney Football Stadium as well as coming off the bench against Egypt in Cairo on 17 November 2010.

McKay was selected for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup squad by Holger Osieck, and started in the team's pre-tournament friendly against the United Arab Emirates on 5 January 2011 in Al Ain. McKay went on to play a part in every game Australia played at the tournament, initially coming off the bench in the first two games against India and South Korea. He was named in the starting 11 for both the final group stage match against Bahrain and the subsequent quarter-final match against Iraq, and played a vital role in the latter, leading Australia to a 1–0 extra time victory, executing an inch-perfect cross for striker Harry Kewell to head into the goal for the match winner. McKay retained his starting position for the semi-final against Uzbekistan, and was again a key player for Australia in the team's 6–0 win, setting up three goals and being awarded man of the match. Due to McKay's excellent form, he was retained in the starting XI by Osieck for the Asian Cup Final, playing the full 120 minutes as the Socceroos lost by one–nil to Japan.

Career statistics

Club

0 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 3 5 2 3

Club	Season	Division	League1	Cup	International2	Total
!Apps	!Goals	!Assist	!Apps	!Goals	!Assist	!Apps	!Goals	!Assist	!Apps	!Goals	!Assist
rowspan="4" valign="center"	Brisbane Strikers			15	|0|
National Soccer League 2002–03	2002–03		21	|2|
National Soccer League 2003–04	2003–04		15	|1|
Total	!51!!2!!3!!-!!-!!-!!-!!-!!-	!51!!2!!3
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Eastern Suburbs		Brisbane Premier League	12
Total	!12!!1!!-!!-!!-!!-!!-!!-!!-	!12!!1!!-
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Incheon United (loan)		K-League	7	|	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	0	1
Total	!7!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0	!7!!0!!1
rowspan="2" valign="center"	Changchun Yatai (loan)		Chinese Super League	15	|	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	6
Total	!15!!0!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0	!15!!0!!6
rowspan="7" valign="center"			A-League	18	|	0	4	0	1	0	0	0	22	2	1
A-League 2006–07	2006–07	A-League	20	|	2	3	2	0	0	0	0	23	5	2
A-League 2007–08	2007–08	A-League	23	|	4	5	0	3	0	0	0	28	3	7
A-League 2008–09	2008–09	A-League	24	|	7	4	1	2	0	0	0	28	6	9
A-League 2009–10	2009–10	A-League	19	|	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	19	2	2
A-League 2010–11	2010–11	A-League	27	|	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	27	3	5
Total	!131!!18!!20!!16!!3!!6!!0!!0!!0	!147!!21!!26
Career Total	!216!!21!!30!!16!!3!!6!!0!!0!!0	!230!!24!!36

¹ – includes A-League final series statistics
² – includes FIFA Club World Cup statistics; AFC Champions League statistics are included in season commencing after group stages (i.e. ACL and A-League seasons etc.)

International

|- |2006||1||0 |- |2007||0||0 |- |2008||0||0 |- |2009||2||0 |- |2010||3||0 |- |2011||8||0 |- !Total||14||0 |} Sydney, Australia 28 January 2009 5 March 2009 3 March 2010 9 October 2010 17 November 2010 5 January 2011 10 January 2011 14 January 2011 18 January 2011 22 January 2011 25 January 2011 29 January 2011 29 March 2011 5 June 2011

International appearances and goals
# !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Result !! Goals !! Competition
2006
1.	16 August 2006	|		2–0	0	2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification
2009–10
2.	|	Jakarta, Indonesia		0–0	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification
3.	|	Canberra, Australia		0–1	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification
4.	|	Brisbane, Australia		1–0	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification
5.	|	Sydney, Australia		1–0	0	Exhibition game>Friendly
6.	|	Cairo, Egypt		0–3	0	Exhibition game>Friendly
2011
7.	|	Al Ain, United Arab Emirates		0–0	0	Exhibition game>Friendly
8.	|	Doha, Qatar		4–0	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup
9.	|	Doha, Qatar		1–1	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup
10.	|	Doha, Qatar		1–0	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup
11.	|	Doha, Qatar		1–0	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup
12.	|	Doha, Qatar		6–0	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup
13.	|	Doha, Qatar		0–1	0	2011 AFC Asian Cup
14.	|	Mönchengladbach, Germany		2–1	0	Exhibition game>Friendly
15.	|	Adelaide, Australia		3–0	0	Exhibition game>Friendly

Honours

With Brisbane Roar:

A-League Premiership: 2010–11

Personal Honours:

Brisbane Roar Gary Wilkins Medal: 2006–2007

Brisbane Roar Players Player of the Year: 2006–2007, 2010–11

Brisbane Roar Members Player of the Year: 2006–2007, 2010–11

Football Media Association Player of the Year 2010–2011

References

External links

Brisbane Roar profile

Oz Football profile

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:People from Brisbane Category:Australian soccer players Category:Australian expatriate soccer players Category:Australia international soccer players Category:Expatriate footballers in China Category:A-League players Category:National Soccer League (Australia) players Category:Brisbane Strikers players Category:Brisbane Roar players Category:K-League players Category:Incheon United F.C. players Category:Rangers F.C. players Category:Australian expatriates in China Category:Australian expatriates in South Korea Category:Expatriate footballers in Scotland Category:Australian people of Scottish descent Category:Changchun Yatai players Category:Expatriate footballers in South Korea Category:2011 AFC Asian Cup players

de:Matt McKay fr:Matt McKay it:Matt McKay ja:マット・マッカイ pl:Matt McKay zh:馬特·麥凱